額 é
edition published: 2020-05-07
language: en; zh-latn-pinyin; zh-latn-pinyin-nt; zh-latn-wadegile; zh-Hant; zh-Hans
availability: Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)

e 額 额 é o forehead (lit.) forehead tie beams (ATTCAT preferred translation) architrave column-top-tie header https://architecturasinica.org/keyword/k000114[^1][^2] [...] digital edition [...] 354 [...] 35

[^1: [E is a general term for all horizontal members that connect the columns and are positioned above windows and doors.]

Based on its usage in the Yingzao fashi, we can interpret the term e in the following two ways. First, in carpentry work (damuzuo 大木作), e is a general term that refers to all horizontal elements belonging to the longitudinal frame parallel to the roof ridge (zongjia 縱架) and which join through the top or upper part of columns. According to the Yingzao fashi, e include lan’e 闌額, yan’e 檐額, you’e 由額, and wunei’e 屋內額. The term e was replaced by efang 額枋 in Qing dynasty architecture terminology, and more elements were included in the efang category. The second meaning of e in the Yingzao fashi is used in joinery work (xiaomuzuo 小木作). According to the Yingzao fashi, e refers to the top horizontal element in the framework of doors and windows. It can also be called chuang’e 窗額 (window header) or men’e 門額 (door header), depending on the position of the e.

[額是位於門窗之上固定於兩柱頭之間的水平連結構件。]

額作為建築構件的名稱有兩種解釋。在大木作中，額是位於縱架且連接相鄰兩柱的水平構建的總稱，並且額一般位於柱子的上部。在《營造法式》大木作部分中，額一般包括闌額、檐額、由額與屋內額。因為闌額是較常見的一種額，所以在大木作中，額亦被視為闌額的簡稱。至清代，額這一類別的名稱由“額枋”所取代，並且種類較宋時更多。在《營造法式》的小木作部分中，額被認為是門窗框架中的頂頭橫木，又有門額與窗額之分。]

[^2: 大額 dà'é

闌額 lān'é

檐額 yán'é

額枋 éfāng

楣 méi

橫楣 héngméi]